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Manual Propelling Devices

A manual propelling device can be:
• a set of oars;
• a paddle; or
• anything that a person can operate by hand or foot to propel a boat, including the rudder on a small open sail boat or a paddle wheel on a paddle boat.

Anchors

Having the right anchor and cable for your boat is important. If you don’t, rough winds and water can cause it to drag, leaving your boat to drift. This is especially dangerous if you are asleep or swimming nearby. Make sure that your boat is well anchored and that the swivel is properly locked, and keep watch to detect signs of dragging.

There are different types of anchors:
• Danforth or fluke anchor: it uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat triangular flukes are attached. The stock is hinged so the flukes can orient toward the bottom (on some designs they may be adjusted for an optimal angle, depending on the type of bed). Tripping palms at the crown act to tip the flukes into the seabed. The fluke anchor has difficulty penetrating kelp and weed-covered bottoms, as well as rocky and particularly hard sand or clay bottoms.

• Grapnel: a traditional design, the grapnel is merely a shank with four or more tines. It has a benefit in that no matter how it reaches the bottom one or more tines will be positioned to set. In coral it can often set quickly by hooking into the structure, but may be more difficult to retrieve.

• Plough anchor: ploughs are popular with cruising sailors and other private boaters. They are generally good in all bottoms, but not exceptional in any of them.

• Mushroom anchor: the mushroom anchor is suitable where the seabed is composed of silt or fine sand. It is shaped like an inverted mushroom, the head becoming buried in the silt.

When selecting an anchor, its holding power and the type of seabed in which it will be used must be considered. As well, the anchor must be of proper size depending on the pleasure craft. It is best to have a heavier anchor than needed, because a lighter anchor will not keep the pleasure craft in place during bad weather conditions. Regardless of the type of anchor, it must fitted with not less than 15 m of cable, rope or chain or any combination of them, carefully secured to the bow of the boat. Transport Canada suggests a ratio of 7:1, that is, a ratio of seven times the length of rope to the depth of the water when dropping anchor. Neither rope nor chain is fundamentally superior to a cable. They each have their advantages and disadvantages. However, for small boats, it is recommended to attach an elastic element such as a bending or a shock absorber to the anchor line, in order to absorb sudden shocks that can occur.

Bailers and Manual Bilge Pumps

Bailers must hold at least 750 ml (0.2 gallon), have an opening of at least 65cm2 (10 in2) and be made of plastic or metal. If you have a manual bilge pump, the pump and hose must be long enough to reach the bilge and discharge water over the side of the boat. You can make a bailer out of a four-litre rigid plastic bottle (useful for small open boats) by following these steps:
• rinse thoroughly;
• secure the lid;
• cut off the bottom; and